Navigating Traffic Offenses: Your Guide to a Traffic Lawyer in Arlington, VA

As a seasoned attorney with over two decades of experience handling complex legal matters in Virginia, I’ve witnessed firsthand the profound impact a traffic offense can have on an individual’s life. What might seem like a minor infraction, such as a speeding ticket, can quickly escalate into a serious legal challenge with far-reaching consequences, particularly when facing charges like reckless driving or Driving Under the Influence (DUI). In Arlington, Virginia, the legal landscape for traffic offenses is stringent, and understanding your rights and options is paramount.

This comprehensive guide is designed to provide clarity and actionable insights for anyone contending with traffic charges in Arlington, VA. We will delve into the specific statutes that govern these offenses, illuminate the judicial process you can expect, and outline the strategic approaches that can be employed to protect your driving privileges and reputation. Whether you are facing a simple moving violation or a more severe criminal traffic charge, the information herein underscores the critical importance of a knowledgeable Arlington traffic attorney. At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we are committed to providing the robust defense necessary to navigate these challenges successfully.

Understanding the Consequences and Stakes of Traffic Offenses in Arlington, VA

A traffic conviction in Arlington, Virginia, can result in a range of penalties, from monetary fines and demerit points to license suspension and even incarceration, depending on the severity of the offense. Beyond immediate legal repercussions, individuals often face increased insurance premiums, professional licensing challenges, and long-term impacts on their driving record and personal freedoms.

In the Commonwealth of Virginia, traffic laws are not merely administrative rules; they are codified statutes with serious implications. A seemingly minor traffic stop can quickly escalate, leading to significant penalties that extend far beyond the initial fine. My two decades of experience as an Arlington traffic attorney have taught me that understanding these potential repercussions is the first step in mounting an effective defense.

Fines and Court Costs

Even for relatively minor infractions like speeding or failing to yield, you will face fines. These fines vary based on the specific offense and the discretion of the court, but they can quickly add up. Additionally, you will be responsible for court costs, which are standard administrative fees associated with any legal proceeding. Ignoring these can lead to further legal complications.

Demerit Points and Driving Record

The Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) uses a demerit point system to track driving behavior. Most moving violations result in negative demerit points being assessed against your license. Accumulating too many points within a specific timeframe can lead to mandatory driver improvement clinics or, more severely, license suspension. For instance, reckless driving (Va. Code § 46.2-852 et seq.) can incur 6 demerit points, remaining on your record for 11 years, signaling a long-term impact on your driving privilege. Virginia Code § 46.2-492 outlines the point system and its implications for license suspension.

License Suspension or Revocation

Certain traffic offenses carry the immediate threat of license suspension or revocation. This is particularly true for serious charges such as Driving Under the Influence (DUI) under Virginia Code § 18.2-266, driving on a suspended license (Va. Code § 46.2-301), or repeat reckless driving convictions. A suspended license means you cannot legally operate a motor vehicle, which can severely impact your employment, family responsibilities, and overall mobility. A revocation is a more permanent loss of driving privileges, often requiring a lengthy waiting period and stringent requirements before reinstatement is even considered.

Jail Time

While many traffic offenses are considered misdemeanors, some, especially criminal traffic offenses, can result in jail time. Reckless driving, depending on the speed or circumstances, can be a Class 1 misdemeanor, carrying up to 12 months in jail and a $2,500 fine. DUI convictions also carry mandatory jail sentences, even for a first offense, particularly if the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) is significantly elevated or if there was an accident. My experience as a traffic court lawyer in VA reveals that judges in Arlington take these offenses seriously, and securing experienced legal representation is vital to mitigate potential incarceration.

Increased Insurance Premiums

A conviction for a traffic offense, particularly one that results in demerit points or is considered a major violation, will almost certainly lead to a significant increase in your automobile insurance premiums. Insurance companies view these convictions as indicators of increased risk, and they adjust your rates accordingly. This financial burden can last for several years, making the long-term cost of a traffic conviction much higher than just the initial fine.

Criminal Record

It’s crucial to understand that certain traffic offenses, such as reckless driving, DUI, or hit and run, are considered criminal offenses in Virginia. A conviction for these charges will result in a permanent criminal record, which can have profound implications for future employment, housing, professional licensing, and even educational opportunities. This is why having an Arlington traffic attorney who understands the nuances of criminal traffic law is non-negotiable.

The Legal Process: Navigating the Arlington General District Court

Traffic cases in Arlington, Virginia, are primarily adjudicated in the Arlington General District Court. The process typically involves an arraignment, potential plea negotiations with the Commonwealth’s Attorney, and, if no agreement is reached, a formal trial where evidence is presented to a judge, with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) overseeing licensing impacts.

The journey through the Virginia legal system for a traffic offense can feel daunting. As your traffic court lawyer in VA, it’s my role to demystify this process and guide you through each stage. The primary judicial body you will interact with is the Arlington General District Court.

The Traffic Stop and Issuance of Summons/Warrant

Your involvement with the legal system typically begins with a traffic stop by the Arlington County Police Department or Virginia State Police. If the officer believes a violation has occurred, they will issue you a summons (ticket) or, in more serious cases, a warrant for your arrest. The summons will specify the charge, the court date, and the location: the Arlington General District Court.

Arraignment (First Court Date)

Your first court appearance is usually an arraignment. This is not typically a trial, but rather an opportunity for the court to confirm your identity, ensure you understand the charges against you, and allow you to state whether you intend to plead guilty, not guilty, or no contest. This is also when you would formally request a continuance if you need more time to retain an Arlington traffic attorney or gather evidence.

Discovery and Investigation

Once you retain legal counsel, your attorney will begin the discovery process. This involves requesting and reviewing all evidence the prosecution intends to use against you. This can include police reports, officer notes, dashcam or bodycam footage, witness statements, calibration records for speed detection devices, and toxicology reports for DUI cases. A thorough investigation is crucial for building a strong defense.

Negotiations with the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s Office

Before trial, your Arlington traffic attorney will engage in discussions with the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s Office, which is responsible for prosecuting traffic offenses. The goal is often to negotiate a plea agreement that may involve reducing the charge, deferring disposition, or securing a more favorable sentence in exchange for a guilty plea. This is where an experienced traffic court lawyer in VA can leverage their relationships and understanding of local court tendencies to your advantage.

Trial in Arlington General District Court

If a plea agreement cannot be reached, or if it’s not in your best interest, your case will proceed to trial. In the General District Court, trials are typically heard by a judge, not a jury. Both the prosecution and your defense attorney will present their arguments, question witnesses, and submit evidence. The judge will then render a verdict based on the evidence presented and the applicable law. Virginia Code § 16.1-69.25 outlines the jurisdiction of the General District Courts over traffic cases.

Sentencing

If you are found guilty or plead guilty, the judge will proceed to sentencing. This is where the penalties discussed earlier (fines, points, license suspension, jail time) are formally imposed. Your attorney will advocate for the most lenient sentence possible, presenting mitigating factors and explaining the potential hardships you may face.

Appeals to Arlington County Circuit Court

If you are convicted in General District Court, you generally have the right to appeal your case to the Arlington County Circuit Court within a specified timeframe (usually 10 days). An appeal in Circuit Court is a “trial de novo,” meaning the case is heard fresh, as if it had never been tried before, and can involve a jury if requested. This provides another opportunity to present your defense.

Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Interaction

Beyond the court system, the Virginia DMV plays a crucial role. They are responsible for assessing demerit points, suspending or revoking licenses, and managing driver improvement programs. A conviction will be reported to the DMV, initiating their administrative process, which is separate from the court’s proceedings. Understanding how to navigate DMV hearings and requirements is an additional service an Arlington traffic attorney provides.

The SRIS Virginia Traffic Defense Preparedness Guide Tool

Navigating a traffic charge can feel overwhelming, but preparation is key to a strong defense. The Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. presents the “SRIS Virginia Traffic Defense Preparedness Guide,” a practical, step-by-step tool designed to help you gather critical information and understand the immediate actions you should take after receiving a traffic summons in Virginia. This guide is not a substitute for legal advice but an essential first step in organizing your case.

Legal Strategies & Defenses for Traffic Charges in Virginia

Effective legal strategies for traffic charges in Arlington, VA, involve a meticulous review of evidence, challenging the prosecution’s case, and exploring opportunities for plea agreements or alternative dispositions. Defenses can range from disputing factual allegations to asserting constitutional rights, with the specific approach tailored to the unique circumstances of each case.

Building a robust defense against traffic charges requires a strategic and nuanced approach. As your traffic court lawyer in VA, my focus is on analyzing every detail, identifying weaknesses in the prosecution’s case, and leveraging legal precedents to your advantage. Here are some common strategies and defenses we explore:

Challenging the Evidence

• Speed Measuring Device Calibration: For speeding tickets, we investigate whether the radar or LIDAR device used by the officer was properly calibrated and maintained according to Virginia Code § 46.2-882. Improper calibration can render the evidence inadmissible.
• Officer’s Observation and Training: We scrutinize the officer’s observations leading to the stop and charge. Were their observations accurate? Was their training sufficient? For DUI cases, the administration of field sobriety tests is often a key area of challenge.
• Visual Estimation Challenges: If speed was determined by visual estimation alone, we can argue the subjectivity and potential inaccuracies of such an estimation, especially if corroborating evidence like radar is absent or flawed.
• Video Evidence Review: Dashcam and bodycam footage can be invaluable. We meticulously review these recordings for inconsistencies with the officer’s report, evidence of improper procedure, or details that support your defense.

Disputing Factual Allegations

• Actual Speed/Driving Maneuver: We can present evidence to dispute the actual speed you were traveling or the nature of the alleged driving maneuver (e.g., arguing that a lane change was safe, not reckless).
• Circumstantial Factors: Weather conditions, road hazards, poor signage, or emergency situations can all be factors that mitigate culpability or explain an action.

Constitutional Defenses

• Unlawful Stop or Search: If the initial traffic stop was not based on reasonable suspicion or probable cause, or if a search was conducted unlawfully, any evidence obtained as a result may be suppressed under the Fourth Amendment.
• Miranda Rights Violations: In cases involving criminal traffic offenses like DUI, if you were not properly advised of your Miranda rights before custodial interrogation, your statements could be inadmissible.

Plea Bargaining and Diversion Programs

In many cases, the most pragmatic strategy is to negotiate with the Commonwealth’s Attorney. This can involve:

• Reduction of Charge: Attempting to have a more serious charge (e.g., reckless driving) reduced to a lesser offense (e.g., improper driving, a simple speeding ticket). This can significantly reduce demerit points and avoid a criminal record.
• Deferred Disposition: In some instances, particularly for first-time offenders, it may be possible to negotiate a deferred finding where the case is dismissed after a period of good behavior, completion of community service, or a driver improvement clinic.
• No Contest Plea: Sometimes, a “no contest” (nolo contendere) plea is advisable, meaning you accept the conviction without admitting guilt, which can be beneficial in civil liability cases.

Mitigating Circumstances

Even if guilt is clear, presenting mitigating circumstances can influence sentencing. This can include a clean driving record, a demonstration of remorse, completing a driver improvement course before court, or a compelling reason for the violation. A senior Arlington traffic attorney understands how to present these factors effectively to the judge.

Specialized Defenses for DUI

DUI cases involve highly technical defenses, including:

• Challenging Breath or Blood Test Accuracy: Issues with machine calibration, chain of custody, or proper administration can invalidate test results.
• Rising BAC Defense: Arguing that your blood alcohol content was rising at the time of the test and was below the legal limit at the time of driving.
• Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions can mimic signs of impairment or affect breath test results.

Every case is unique, and the best defense strategy is custom-tailored after a thorough review of the facts and legal options. This is why engaging with Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. as your Arlington traffic attorney is a critical decision.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Facing Traffic Charges

Individuals often make critical errors when confronting traffic charges in Arlington, Virginia, that can jeopardize their case outcomes. These common pitfalls include admitting guilt prematurely, failing to document the incident, misunderstanding legal rights, and attempting to navigate the complex court system without the guidance of an experienced traffic court lawyer.

After more than two decades defending clients against traffic offenses, I’ve observed recurring mistakes that can severely undermine a strong defense. Avoiding these common pitfalls is as crucial as building a solid legal strategy. Pay close attention to these warnings:

1. Paying the Ticket Immediately: Many people assume paying a ticket is the simplest solution. However, in Virginia, paying the ticket is an admission of guilt. This results in an automatic conviction, demerit points, and potentially higher insurance premiums, without any opportunity to challenge the charge or mitigate the consequences.
2. Failing to Document the Incident: The moments immediately after a traffic stop are critical. Failing to write down details (officer’s statements, your exact location, road conditions, speed limit, time of day) or take photos/videos can mean losing crucial evidence that could support your defense later. Memories fade, and conditions change.
3. Admitting Guilt or Making Incriminating Statements to the Officer: While you must provide your license and registration, you are not obligated to discuss the details of the alleged offense. Anything you say can and will be used against you. Politely decline to answer questions beyond identification.
4. Not Understanding Your Rights: Many individuals are unaware of their constitutional rights, such as the right to remain silent or the right to legal counsel. This lack of knowledge can lead to inadvertently waiving important protections.
5. Ignoring the Summons or Missing Court: Failing to appear in court on your scheduled date can lead to an immediate conviction, additional fines, a suspended driver’s license (Failure to Appear), or even a warrant for your arrest.
6. Attempting to Handle Complex Cases Alone: While you have the right to represent yourself, complex traffic offenses like reckless driving or DUI have severe consequences and intricate legal nuances. Navigating the Arlington General District Court system, understanding evidence rules, and negotiating with the Commonwealth’s Attorney requires legal experience that a layperson simply does not possess.
7. Not Gathering Your Driving Record: Before your court date, it’s beneficial to obtain a copy of your Virginia driving record from the DMV. This allows your attorney to understand your history, which can impact potential plea negotiations or sentencing.
8. Waiting Too Long to Contact an Attorney: Time is often of the essence in traffic cases. Delaying consultation with an Arlington traffic attorney can limit the ability to gather timely evidence, conduct a thorough investigation, or negotiate effectively before the court date.

By being aware of these common missteps, you can better position yourself for a favorable outcome and empower your chosen traffic court lawyer in VA to build the strongest possible defense.

Glossary of Key Traffic Law Terms

Understanding the legal terminology associated with traffic offenses is crucial for anyone navigating the court system. Here are some key terms you might encounter:

Summons

A legal document issued by an officer requiring an individual to appear in court on a specified date and time to answer a charge, typically a traffic infraction or misdemeanor.

Demerit Points

A system used by the Virginia DMV to track driving violations. Accumulating too many points can lead to license suspension or requirements for driver improvement clinics.

Reckless Driving (Virginia Code § 46.2-852 et seq.)

A serious criminal traffic offense in Virginia, often charged for driving at excessive speeds (e.g., over 80 mph or 20 mph over the limit) or in a manner endangering life, limb, or property. It is a Class 1 Misdemeanor.

DUI (Driving Under the Influence)

Driving or operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs, as defined by Virginia Code § 18.2-266. Can result in significant fines, license suspension, and mandatory jail time.

General District Court

The Virginia court that handles most traffic infractions, misdemeanors, and civil cases with monetary claims up to a certain limit. In Arlington, this is the Arlington General District Court.

Commonwealth’s Attorney

The prosecuting attorney in Virginia, representing the Commonwealth in criminal and serious traffic cases. They decide whether to pursue charges and may engage in plea negotiations.

Trial de Novo

A new trial from the beginning, as if the first trial had not taken place. This is what happens when a case is appealed from General District Court to Circuit Court in Virginia.

Common Scenarios & Questions from Individuals Facing Traffic Charges

As an Arlington traffic attorney, I frequently encounter individuals grappling with various traffic-related legal issues. These scenarios highlight the diverse challenges people face and underscore the importance of professional legal guidance. Here are a few common situations:

Scenario 1: The Out-of-State Driver and a Virginia Speeding Ticket

Question: “I was visiting Arlington from out of state and received a speeding ticket for going 70 mph in a 55 mph zone. I just want to pay it and be done, but I’m worried about how it will affect my license in my home state. Should I just pay the fine?”

Attorney Insight: Paying the fine means admitting guilt, and this conviction will almost certainly be reported to your home state’s DMV via the Interstate Driver License Compact. Your home state may then assess its own points or penalties, potentially leading to license suspension there. An Arlington traffic attorney can often negotiate with the prosecutor to reduce the charge to a non-moving violation or improper driving, which typically carries fewer or no points and might not be reported, protecting your out-of-state driving record.

Scenario 2: Reckless Driving for Speed in Arlington

Question: “I was cited for reckless driving in Arlington for going 85 mph on I-66. I thought reckless driving was only for dangerous maneuvers, not just speed. What are my options, and will I go to jail?”

Attorney Insight: Virginia’s reckless driving statute (Va. Code § 46.2-862) explicitly includes driving at 20 mph over the speed limit or over 80 mph, regardless of the posted limit. This is a Class 1 Misdemeanor, carrying potential jail time (up to 12 months), a significant fine (up to $2,500), and a 6-month license suspension. While jail is not guaranteed for a first offense, it is a possibility, especially at 85 mph. Your traffic court lawyer in VA can explore defenses challenging the speed measuring device, the officer’s observations, or negotiate for a reduction to improper driving, which is a simple infraction, not a criminal charge. Your options depend heavily on the specific facts and your driving history.

Scenario 3: Driving on a Suspended License

Question: “My license was suspended for unpaid fines from an old ticket, and I just got pulled over in Arlington and charged with driving on a suspended license. I need to drive for work. What can I do?”

Attorney Insight: Driving on a suspended license (Virginia Code § 46.2-301) is a serious Class 1 Misdemeanor in Virginia, carrying potential jail time, significant fines, and an additional period of license suspension. The first step is to ascertain *why* your license was suspended and work towards reinstating it. An Arlington traffic attorney can help you navigate the DMV requirements, address any underlying issues that led to the initial suspension, and then represent you in court to seek a more favorable outcome, potentially reducing the charge or minimizing the penalties so you can regain your driving privileges as quickly as possible. Time is of the essence, as immediate action to lift the initial suspension can sometimes mitigate the new charge.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Traffic Law in Arlington, VA

Q1: What is the difference between a traffic infraction and a criminal traffic offense in Virginia?
A: A traffic infraction is a non-criminal violation of a traffic law, such as minor speeding or an expired inspection sticker. Penalties usually include fines and demerit points. A criminal traffic offense, like reckless driving, DUI, or driving on a suspended license, is a more serious charge that can result in a criminal record, jail time, significant fines, and longer license suspensions, in addition to demerit points.

Q2: How many demerit points will I get for a speeding ticket in Arlington?
A: The number of demerit points depends on the severity of the speeding. Generally, 1-9 mph over the limit is 3 points, 10-19 mph over is 4 points, and 20 mph or more over the limit (which is usually reckless driving) is 6 points. These points stay on your record for a specific duration, typically 2 or 5 years, while the conviction itself stays for 11 years.

Q3: Can an Arlington traffic attorney get my reckless driving charge reduced or dismissed?
A: While no attorney can guarantee specific outcomes, an experienced Arlington traffic attorney can often get a reckless driving charge reduced to a lesser offense (like improper driving or a simple speeding ticket) or, in some cases, dismissed entirely. This depends on the facts of your case, the strength of the evidence, your driving record, and the negotiating skills of your attorney with the Commonwealth’s Attorney.

Q4: Do I need to appear in court for every traffic ticket in Arlington?
A: For some minor infractions, you may be able to pre-pay the ticket without a court appearance. However, if the ticket is for a serious moving violation, a criminal traffic offense (like reckless driving or DUI), or if you wish to contest the charge, you must appear in court on the designated date. It’s always advisable to consult an Arlington traffic attorney before deciding to pre-pay, as it waives your rights.

Q5: What happens if I miss my court date for a traffic ticket in Arlington?
A: Missing your court date for a traffic ticket in Arlington General District Court can result in serious consequences, including a conviction in your absence, additional fines, a “Failure to Appear” charge, an indefinite suspension of your driving privileges by the DMV, and potentially a bench warrant issued for your arrest. It is crucial to attend or have your traffic court lawyer in VA appear on your behalf if permitted.

Q6: How long do traffic convictions stay on my Virginia driving record?
A: While demerit points are usually removed after 2 to 5 years (depending on the offense), the actual conviction for a traffic offense remains on your Virginia driving record for 11 years. Criminal convictions, like reckless driving or DUI, can appear on your criminal record indefinitely.

Q7: Can a traffic conviction affect my insurance rates?
A: Yes, a traffic conviction, especially for moving violations, can significantly increase your automobile insurance premiums. Insurance companies assess risk based on your driving history, and convictions indicate a higher risk, leading to higher rates for several years.

Q8: What should I do if I’m pulled over for suspicion of DUI in Arlington?
A: If pulled over for suspected DUI, remain calm and polite. You must provide your license and registration. You have the right to refuse field sobriety tests, but refusal to take a preliminary breath test or a later blood/breath test after arrest can result in automatic license suspension. It is best to decline to answer questions about alcohol consumption. As soon as possible, contact an experienced Arlington traffic attorney.

Q9: Is it worth hiring a traffic attorney for a minor speeding ticket?
A: Even for a minor speeding ticket, hiring an Arlington traffic attorney can be beneficial. An attorney may be able to get the charge reduced to a non-moving violation, dismissed, or secure a result that avoids demerit points, thus protecting your driving record and potentially saving you money on insurance premiums in the long run.

Q10: What is improper driving in Virginia?
A: Improper driving (Virginia Code § 46.2-869) is a reduced charge often used in plea negotiations for reckless driving cases. It is a simple traffic infraction carrying 3 demerit points and a maximum fine of $500, significantly less severe than a reckless driving conviction.

Q11: Can a commercial driver’s license (CDL) holder fight a traffic ticket differently in Arlington?
A: CDL holders face much stricter rules and harsher penalties for traffic violations, as their livelihood depends on their driving privileges. Even minor infractions can lead to CDL suspension. An experienced traffic court lawyer in VA who understands CDL regulations is absolutely critical for commercial drivers, as the stakes are much higher.

Q12: How do demerit points impact my Virginia driver’s license?
A: Accumulating demerit points can trigger administrative actions by the Virginia DMV. If you accrue 12 points within 12 months or 18 points within 24 months, you may be required to complete a driver improvement clinic. Accrue 18 points within 12 months or 24 points within 24 months, and your license will be suspended for 90 days. Continuous accumulation can lead to further suspensions.

Q13: What is the look-back period for traffic offenses in Virginia?
A: For general traffic offenses, the conviction remains on your DMV record for 11 years. However, for certain offenses like DUI, prior convictions can impact sentencing for a much longer period (e.g., 5 or 10 years for enhanced penalties), effectively acting as a “look-back” period for sentencing purposes.

Q14: Can I get a restricted license if my license is suspended in Arlington?
A: In certain circumstances, depending on the reason for suspension, a judge may grant a restricted driver’s license, allowing you to drive for specific purposes such as work, school, medical appointments, or childcare. This is often an option for DUI-related suspensions but can be difficult to obtain for other reasons without strong legal advocacy.

Q15: What is the first step I should take after receiving a traffic ticket in Arlington?
A: The immediate first step is to carefully read your summons, note your court date, and gather any initial details about the incident. Crucially, do NOT pay the ticket immediately, and contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. for a confidential case review. Early engagement allows your Arlington traffic attorney to begin building your defense promptly.

Facing a traffic charge in Arlington, Virginia, can be a complex and stressful experience. The potential impact on your driving record, insurance rates, and even your freedom makes it imperative to seek knowledgeable legal representation. At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we bring over two decades of dedicated experience to every case, providing the robust and strategic defense you need. Don’t navigate the intricacies of Virginia’s traffic laws and the Arlington General District Court alone. Protect your rights, your record, and your future.

Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. for a Confidential Case Review. Call 888-437-7747 today to discuss your traffic case in Arlington, VA.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. The information provided herein is general in nature and may not apply to your specific situation. Laws are subject to change, and interpretations vary. Always consult with a qualified attorney for advice regarding your individual circumstances. No attorney-client relationship is formed by reading this content. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes. The use of “seasoned” and “experienced” are descriptive terms and not a guarantee of expertise or outcomes. Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. is a licensed law firm in Virginia.